Table 3 Global longitudinal strain (GCS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global radial strain (GRS) in patients vs. age- and sex-matched controls at early and late (see text for definition), photon vs. proton radiation type, and spinal radiation exposure of < 30 Gy vs. ≥ 30 Gy

Early

Control

p-value

Late

Control

p-value

N

19

36

–

30

48

–

Male

10 (52%)

23 (64%)

0.56

21 (70%)

31 (65%)

0.81

Age (year)

11.7 ± 8.0

11.3 ± 5.0

0.36

21.7 ± 10.1

20.3 ± 9.6

0.56

GLS^a

−16.8 ± 3.6%

−21.3 ± 4.0%

0.0002

−16.2 ± 5.4%

−21.6 ± 3.7%

< 0.0001

GCS^a

−22.5 ± 5.2%

−21.1 ± 3.3%

0.28

−20.9 ± 6.8%

−21.9 ± 3.5%

0.42

GRS^a

21.8 ± 11.0%

26.9 ± 7.7%

0.07

22.5 ± 10.0%

27.3 ± 8.3%

0.03

early photon

early proton

p-value

late photon

late proton

p-value

GLS^b

−16.4 ± 2.3%

−17.6 ± 5.1%

0.50

−15.9 ± 5.3%

−16.8 ± 6.3%

0.78

GCS^b

−22.0 ± 5.9%

−23.4 ± 3.6%

0.64

−20.6 ± 7.4%

−21.6 ± 4.6%%

0.77

GRS^b

22.5 ± 11.5%

20.4 ± 10.9%

0.74

22.1 ± 8.8%

24.4 ± 16.0%

0.65

early < 30 Gy

early ≥ 30 Gy

p-value

late < 30 Gy

late ≥ 30 Gy

p-value

GLS^c

−17.1 ± 3.9%

−17.1 ± 3.6%

0.50

−15.8 ± 4.5%

−14.9 ± 4.2%

0.72

GCS^c

−24.0 ± 5.2%

−20.6 ± 5.9%

0.64

−24.0 ± 8.4%

−20.0 ± 7.1%

0.31

GRS^c

26.8 ± 10.1%

15.7 ± 9.1%

0.74

21.3 ± 12.9%

21.2 ± 8.3%

0.99