Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with PD-1 use and PD-L1 use before and after 1:2 propensity score matching

Adverse events

All-cause mortality

1319(67.33%)

115(52.03%)

1204(69.27%)

0.36^a

425(64.10%)

115(52.03%)

310(70.13%)

0.38^a

Composite outcome

320(16.33%)

11(4.97%)

309(17.77%)

0.41^a

91(13.72%)

11(4.97%)

80(18.09%)

0.42^a

Heart failure

244(12.45%)

10(4.52%)

234(13.46%)

0.32^a

75(11.31%)

10(4.52%)

65(14.70%)

0.35^a

Acute myocardial infarction

38(1.93%)

0(0.00%)

38(2.18%)

0.21^a

8(1.20%)

0(0.00%)

8(1.80%)

0.19

Atrial fibrillation

54(2.75%)

1(0.45%)

53(3.04%)

0.2

8(1.20%)

1(0.45%)

7(1.58%)

0.11

Atrial flutter

6(0.30%)

0(0.00%)

6(0.34%)

0.08

2(0.30%)

0(0.00%)

2(0.45%)

0.1

Demographics

Male gender

1341(68.45%)

165(74.66%)

1176(67.66%)

0.15

498(75.11%)

165(74.66%)

333(75.33%)

0.02

Female gender

618(31.54%)

56(25.33%)

562(32.33%)

0.15

165(24.88%)

56(25.33%)

109(24.66%)

0.02

Baseline age, years

61.0(13.7);n = 1959

63.1(10.2);n = 221

60.7(14.1);n = 1738

0.19

63.0(10.2);n = 663

63.1(10.2);n = 221

63.0(10.1);n = 442

0

<40

151(7.70%)

7(3.16%)

144(8.28%)

0.22^a

20(3.01%)

7(3.16%)

13(2.94%)

0.01

[40, 50)

194(9.90%)

13(5.88%)

181(10.41%)

0.17

43(6.48%)

13(5.88%)

30(6.78%)

0.04

[50-60)

481(24.55%)

51(23.07%)

430(24.74%)

0.04

155(23.37%)

51(23.07%)

104(23.52%)

0.01

[60-70)

631(32.21%)

96(43.43%)

535(30.78%)

0.26^a

288(43.43%)

96(43.43%)

192(43.43%)

0

[70-80)

391(19.95%)

48(21.71%)

343(19.73%)

0.05

133(20.06%)

48(21.71%)

85(19.23%)

0.06

>=80

111(5.66%)

6(2.71%)

105(6.04%)

0.16

24(3.61%)

6(2.71%)

18(4.07%)

0.08

Past comorbidities

Charlson’s standard comorbidity index

6.1(3.3);n = 1959

6.5(3.1);n = 221

6.0(3.3);n = 1738

0.16

6.5(3.1);n = 663

6.53(3.1);n = 221

6.48(3.08);n = 442

0.02

Hypertension

256(13.06%)

29(13.12%)

227(13.06%)

0

88(13.27%)

29(13.12%)

59(13.34%)

0.01

Liver diseases

193(9.85%)

8(3.61%)

185(10.64%)

0.28^a

24(3.61%)

8(3.61%)

16(3.61%)

0

Hip fractures/accident falls

77(3.93%)

13(5.88%)

64(3.68%)

0.1

37(5.58%)

13(5.88%)

24(5.42%)

0.02

Renal diseases

292(14.90%)

29(13.12%)

263(15.13%)

0.06

85(12.82%)

29(13.12%)

56(12.66%)

0.01

Diabetes mellitus

156(7.96%)

20(9.04%)

136(7.82%)

0.04

60(9.04%)

20(9.04%)

40(9.04%)

0

Malignant dysrhythmia

12(0.61%)

0(0.00%)

12(0.69%)

0.12

2(0.30%)

0(0.00%)

2(0.45%)

0.1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

15(0.76%)

2(0.90%)

13(0.74%)

0.02

6(0.90%)

2(0.90%)

4(0.90%)

0

Ischemic heart disease

61(3.11%)

5(2.26%)

56(3.22%)

0.06

15(2.26%)

5(2.26%)

10(2.26%)

0

Peripheral vascular disease

11(0.56%)

1(0.45%)

10(0.57%)

0.02

3(0.45%)

1(0.45%)

2(0.45%)

0

Endocrine diseases

548(27.97%)

56(25.33%)

492(28.30%)

0.07

166(25.03%)

56(25.33%)

110(24.88%)

0.01

Gastrointestinal diseases

1412(72.07%)

184(83.25%)

1228(70.65%)

0.30^a

551(83.10%)

184(83.25%)

367(83.03%)

0.01

Stroke/transient ischemic attack

80(4.08%)

8(3.61%)

72(4.14%)

0.03

24(3.61%)

8(3.61%)

16(3.61%)

0

Hospitalization

Average readmission

68.5(194.8);n = 1876

53.3(112.0);n = 215

70.5(203.0);n = 1661

0.1

65.3(202.3);n = 647

53.3(112.0);n = 215

71.3(234.5);n = 432

0.1

Total episode number

14.2(13.9);n = 1876

12.2(8.9);n = 215

14.5(14.4);n = 1661

0.19

13.8(10.9);n = 647

12.2(8.9);n = 215

14.6(11.7);n = 432

0.22^a

Overall hospital stay, days

35.2(38.2);n = 1876

25.5(22.4);n = 215

36.5(39.6);n = 1661

0.34^a

32.9(31.3);n = 647

25.5(22.4);n = 215

36.7(34.4);n = 432

0.39^a

Medications

PD-L1 expenditure, HKD

98251.0(98697.8);n = 221

98251.0(98697.8);n = 221

-

-

98251.0(98697.8);n = 221

98251.0(98697.8);n = 221

-

-

Total PD-L1 dose amount, mg

12644.1(27488.6);n = 221

12644.1(27488.6);n = 221

-

-

12644.1(27488.6);n = 221

12644.1(27488.6);n = 221

-

-

PD-L1 inhibitors duration, days

176.0(200.9);n = 221

176.0(200.9);n = 221

-

-

176.0(200.9);n = 221

176.0(200.9);n = 221

-

-

PD-1 expenditure, HKD

193878.8(291968.7);n = 1750

-

192915.5(291869.7);n = 1738

-

203782.5(259059.2);n = 454

-

200263.3(257787.4);n = 442

-

Total PD-1 dose amount (mg)

2817.9(10492.2);n = 1750

-

2827.3(10527.4);n = 1738

-

2454.7(5152.0);n = 454

-

2482.0(5216.3);n = 442

-

PD-1 inhibitors duration, days

202.7(237.7);n = 1750

-

201.5(237.0);n = 1738

-

207.7(234.7);n = 454

-

202.9(232.1);n = 442

-

Anticoagulants

1108(56.55%)

120(54.29%)

988(56.84%)

0.05

362(54.60%)

120(54.29%)

242(54.75%)

0.01

Steroids

1108(56.55%)

120(54.29%)

988(56.84%)

0.05

362(54.60%)

120(54.29%)

242(54.75%)

0.01

biomarkers

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio

4.6(6.4);n = 1952

4.5(9.5);n = 221

4.6(5.9);n = 1731

0.01

4.3(6.5);n = 663

4.5(9.5);n = 221

4.2(4.2);n = 442

0.04

Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio

212.3(243.9);n = 1953

203.9(188.4);n = 221

213.4(250.1);n = 1732

0.04

210.2(304.3);n = 663

203.9(188.4);n = 221

213.3(348.3);n = 442

0.03

Aspartate transaminase-to-alanine transaminase ratio

1.8(3.6);n = 1308

1.1(0.5);n = 128

1.9(3.8);n = 1180

0.29^a

1.5(2.1);n = 405

1.1(0.5);n = 128

1.7(2.4);n = 277

0.32^a

Triglyceride glucose index

7.1(0.6);n = 580

7.07(0.65);n = 67

7.06(0.62);n = 513

0.02

7.0(0.6);n = 207

7.1(0.6);n = 67

7.0(0.6);n = 140

0.07

Urea-to-creatinine ratio

73.1(40.8);n = 1937

68.3(23.3);n = 221

73.8(42.4);n = 1716

0.16

69.5(29.2);n = 659

68.3(23.3);n = 221

70.1(31.8);n = 438

0.07

Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio

0.4(0.5);n = 1950

0.4(0.5);n = 221

0.5(0.5);n = 1729

0.03

0.4(0.4);n = 662

0.4(0.5);n = 221

0.5(0.4);n = 441

0.04

Complete blood counts

Mean corpuscular volume, fL

88.0(8.2);n = 1953

88.4(7.7);n = 221

88.0(8.2);n = 1732

0.06

88.2(7.7);n = 663

88.4(7.7);n = 221

88.1(7.8);n = 442

0.04

Eosinophil, x10^9/L

0.2(0.3);n = 1952

0.2(0.32);n = 221

0.18(0.31);n = 1731

0.04

0.2(0.3);n = 663

0.2(0.32);n = 221

0.21(0.24);n = 442

0.03

Lymphocyte, x10^9/L

1.5(0.9);n = 1953

1.6(0.8);n = 221

1.5(0.9);n = 1732

0.19

1.5(0.7);n = 663

1.6(0.8);n = 221

1.5(0.7);n = 442

0.21^a

Metamyelocyte, x10^9/L

0.8(5.0);n = 225

0.5(0.7);n = 13

0.8(5.2);n = 212

0.07

0.3(0.5);n = 72

0.5(0.7);n = 13

0.3(0.4);n = 59

0.37^a

Monocyte, x10^9/L

0.5(0.3);n = 1953

0.54(0.25);n = 221

0.53(0.32);n = 1732

0.02

0.5(0.3);n = 663

0.54(0.25);n = 221

0.55(0.32);n = 442

0.03

Neutrophil, x10^9/L

5.1(3.3);n = 1953

5.2(3.4);n = 221

5.0(3.3);n = 1732

0.05

5.0(3.2);n = 663

5.2(3.4);n = 221

4.9(3.1);n = 442

0.09

White blood count, x10^9/L

7.4(5.5);n = 1953

7.43(3.3);n = 221

7.39(5.74);n = 1732

0.01

7.3(3.6);n = 663

7.4(3.3);n = 221

7.3(3.8);n = 442

0.04

Mean cell haemoglobin, pg

30.7(3.3);n = 1953

30.72(3.29);n = 221

30.65(3.34);n = 1732

0.02

30.8(3.2);n = 663

30.7(3.3);n = 221

30.8(3.1);n = 442

0.02

Myelocyte, x10^9/L

0.8(3.1);n = 328

1.0(2.0);n = 26

0.7(3.2);n = 302

0.08

0.6(1.5);n = 97

1.0(2.0);n = 26

0.5(1.2);n = 71

0.26^a

Platelet, x10^9/L

247.9(108.5);n = 1953

261.5(92.6);n = 221

246.2(110.3);n = 1732

0.15

252.6(98.9);n = 663

261.5(92.6);n = 221

248.2(101.7);n = 442

0.14

Red blood count, x10^12/L

4.4(0.7);n = 1953

4.6(0.6);n = 221

4.4(0.7);n = 1732

0.27^a

4.5(0.7);n = 663

4.6(0.6);n = 221

4.4(0.7);n = 442

0.21^a

Hematocrit, L/L

0.4(0.1);n = 1895

0.4(0.05);n = 208

0.38(0.06);n = 1687

0.37^a

0.4(0.1);n = 626

0.4(0.05);n = 208

0.39(0.05);n = 418

0.28^a

Renal and liver functions

Potassium, mmol/L

4.1(0.4);n = 1941

4.14(0.43);n = 221

4.12(0.44);n = 1720

0.04

4.1(0.4);n = 661

4.14(0.43);n = 221

4.13(0.42);n = 440

0.03

Urate, mmol/L

0.3(0.1);n = 627

0.33(0.1);n = 43

0.33(0.14);n = 584

0.03

0.3(0.1);n = 186

0.33(0.1);n = 43

0.34(0.13);n = 143

0.07

Albumin, g/L

39.2(5.9);n = 1939

39.8(5.4);n = 220

39.1(6.0);n = 1719

0.11

39.5(5.4);n = 660

39.8(5.4);n = 220

39.4(5.4);n = 440

0.06

Sodium, mmol/L

139.1(3.8);n = 1941

139.4(3.1);n = 221

139.1(3.9);n = 1720

0.09

139.2(3.4);n = 661

139.4(3.1);n = 221

139.2(3.6);n = 440

0.07

Urea, mmol/L

5.5(2.4);n = 1937

5.3(1.8);n = 221

5.6(2.5);n = 1716

0.11

5.3(1.8);n = 659

5.31(1.76);n = 221

5.31(1.83);n = 438

0

Protein, g/L

72.1(12.8);n = 1853

71.3(16.3);n = 207

72.2(12.3);n = 1646

0.06

71.7(14.4);n = 624

71.3(16.3);n = 207

71.9(13.5);n = 417

0.04

Bilirubin, umol/L

13.0(25.3);n = 1941

9.5(6.1);n = 221

13.4(26.7);n = 1720

0.2

11.3(19.1);n = 661

9.5(6.1);n = 221

12.2(22.9);n = 440

0.16

Creatinine, umol/L

84.9(62.4);n = 1952

83.0(37.0);n = 221

85.1(64.9);n = 1731

0.04

84.8(64.0);n = 662

83.0(37.0);n = 221

85.7(74.0);n = 441

0.05

SD of creatinine

35.5(103.7);n = 1942

29.8(93.9);n = 220

36.2(104.9);n = 1722

0.06

29.7(82.3);n = 658

29.8(93.9);n = 220

29.7(75.9);n = 438

0

Aspartate transaminase, U/L

54.4(104.9);n = 1371

28.3(21.8);n = 142

57.5(110.1);n = 1229

0.37^a

41.2(67.2);n = 443

28.3(21.8);n = 142

47.3(79.5);n = 301

0.33^a

SD of aspartate transaminase

59.6(189.6);n = 1250

28.6(101.7);n = 122

62.9(196.5);n = 1128

0.22^a

36.5(84.3);n = 409

28.6(101.7);n = 122

39.8(75.6);n = 287

0.13

Alkaline phosphatase, U/L

108.6(111.6);n = 1941

85.2(36.4);n = 221

111.6(117.5);n = 1720

0.3^a

102.1(99.9);n = 661

85.2(36.4);n = 221

110.5(118.9);n = 440

0.29^a

SD of alkaline phosphatase

64.8(95.1);n = 1928

39.6(75.3);n = 220

68.0(96.9);n = 1708

0.33^a

58.3(89.9);n = 655

39.6(75.3);n = 220

67.7(95.2);n = 435

0.33^a

Alanine transaminase, U/L

36.6(55.7);n = 1876

28.2(25.1);n = 207

37.6(58.3);n = 1669

0.21^a

31.4(29.5);n = 623

28.2(25.1);n = 207

33.1(31.4);n = 416

0.17

SD of alanine transaminase

36.4(84.7);n = 1855

22.9(50.7);n = 201

38.0(87.8);n = 1654

0.21^a

28.2(51.6);n = 612

22.9(50.7);n = 201

30.8(52.0);n = 411

0.15

Lipid, iron and calcium profile

Total iron-binding capacity, L

41.0(12.3);n = 103

39.1(11.1);n = 5

41.1(12.4);n = 98

0.16

42.1(12.7);n = 22

39.1(11.1);n = 5

43.0(13.3);n = 17

0.31^a

VitaminB12, pmol/L

453.2(327.2);n = 49

447.7(265.6);n = 3

453.6(333.2);n = 46

0.02

401.2(305.7);n = 17

447.7(265.6);n = 3

391.2(321.8);n = 14

0.19

Folate, ng/mL

21.7(10.2);n = 69

16.0(3.7);n = 3

22.0(10.3);n = 66

0.78^a

20.4(10.4);n = 19

16.0(3.7);n = 3

21.3(11.1);n = 16

0.64^a

Ferritin, pmol/L

2546.7(4740.6);n = 86

728.2(816.5);n = 8

2733.2(4936.4);n = 78

0.57^a

1941.1(2987.1);n = 22

728.2(816.5);n = 8

2634.2(3554.1);n = 14

0.74^a

Calcium, mmol/L

2.3(0.2);n = 1081

2.32(0.13);n = 82

2.32(0.16);n = 999

0.04

2.3(0.1);n = 340

2.32(0.13);n = 82

2.33(0.15);n = 258

0.04

SD of calcium

0.1(0.1);n = 987

0.07(0.04);n = 73

0.1(0.06);n = 914

0.49^a

0.1(0.1);n = 314

0.07(0.04);n = 73

0.1(0.07);n = 241

0.43^a

Phosphate, mmol/L

1.1(0.2);n = 948

1.08(0.18);n = 61

1.06(0.22);n = 887

0.11

1.1(0.2);n = 286

1.08(0.18);n = 61

1.06(0.2);n = 225

0.1

SD of phosphate

0.2(0.1);n = 785

0.1(0.1);n = 44

0.2(0.1);n = 741

0.41^a

0.2(0.1);n = 241

0.1(0.1);n = 44

0.2(0.1);n = 197

0.37^a

Glycemic and clotting profile

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.4(1.1);n = 598

1.5(1.0);n = 68

1.4(1.1);n = 530

0.08

1.5(1.2);n = 214

1.5(1.05);n = 68

1.46(1.29);n = 146

0.04

SD of triglyceride

0.4(0.5);n = 294

0.4(0.43);n = 30

0.35(0.54);n = 264

0.1

0.4(0.6);n = 90

0.4(0.43);n = 30

0.42(0.66);n = 60

0.04

HbA1c, g/dL

6.3(2.3);n = 1773

6.4(2.7);n = 206

6.2(2.2);n = 1567

0.09

6.3(2.2);n = 608

6.4(2.7);n = 206

6.2(2.0);n = 402

0.11

SD of HbA1c, g/dL

1.5(1.3);n = 1638

1.4(1.3);n = 194

1.5(1.3);n = 1444

0.09

1.5(1.4);n = 564

1.4(1.3);n = 194

1.6(1.4);n = 370

0.15

Glucose, mmol/L

12.8(2.0);n = 1953

13.3(1.7);n = 221

12.8(2.0);n = 1732

0.31^a

13.1(1.9);n = 663

13.3(1.7);n = 221

12.9(1.9);n = 442

0.23^a

SD of glucose, mmol/L

1.3(0.5);n = 1947

1.31(0.54);n = 220

1.29(0.54);n = 1727

0.05

1.3(0.5);n = 660

1.31(0.54);n = 220

1.32(0.51);n = 440

0.03

High sensitive troponin-I, ng/L

363.3(10967.7);n = 1141

12.7(31.8);n = 122

405.3(11605.6);n = 1019

0.05

35.5(314.8);n = 372

12.7(31.8);n = 122

46.6(383.1);n = 250

0.12

SD of high sensitive troponin-I

124.0(1328.2);n = 755

18.2(42.4);n = 82

136.9(1406.3);n = 673

0.12

34.7(207.0);n = 245

18.2(42.4);n = 82

43.0(251.9);n = 163

0.14

APTT, second

30.8(5.5);n = 694

29.1(3.5);n = 46

30.9(5.6);n = 648

0.39^a

30.4(3.9);n = 217

29.1(3.5);n = 46

30.8(3.9);n = 171

0.45^a

SD of APTT

2.6(3.1);n = 510

1.9(2.3);n = 26

2.6(3.2);n = 484

0.28^a

2.1(1.8);n = 152

1.9(2.3);n = 26

2.1(1.7);n = 126

0.13

Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

324.1(422.0);n = 1431

315.6(534.6);n = 145

325.1(407.6);n = 1286

0.02

302.1(354.0);n = 466

315.6(534.6);n = 145

296.0(231.0);n = 321

0.05

SD of lactate dehydrogenase

155.2(397.1);n = 1140

115.6(203.9);n = 102

159.1(411.1);n = 1038

0.13

121.3(206.3);n = 365

115.6(203.9);n = 102

123.6(207.6);n = 263

0.04

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.6(1.1);n = 599

4.9(1.0);n = 68

4.5(1.1);n = 531

0.29^a

4.6(1.1);n = 214

4.9(1.0);n = 68

4.5(1.1);n = 146

0.3^a

SD of total cholesterol

0.5(0.4);n = 295

0.54(0.43);n = 31

0.48(0.44);n = 264

0.14

0.5(0.5);n = 93

0.54(0.43);n = 31

0.48(0.52);n = 62

0.13

Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L

2.6(0.9);n = 583

2.9(0.9);n = 65

2.6(0.9);n = 518

0.34^a

2.7(1.0);n = 208

2.9(0.9);n = 65

2.6(1.0);n = 143

0.33^a

SD of low-density lipoprotein

0.4(0.4);n = 283

0.5(0.4);n = 29

0.4(0.4);n = 254

0.18

0.4(0.4);n = 88

0.5(0.4);n = 29

0.4(0.4);n = 59

0.21^a

High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L

1.3(0.4);n = 593

1.32(0.4);n = 67

1.34(0.4);n = 526

0.04

1.3(0.4);n = 212

1.32(0.4);n = 67

1.31(0.36);n = 145

0.02

SD of high-density lipoprotein

0.1(0.1);n = 280

0.12(0.09);n = 30

0.14(0.14);n = 250

0.17

0.2(0.1);n = 87

0.1(0.1);n = 30

0.2(0.2);n = 57

0.32^a