Fig. 1

The adapted multiple-hit hypothesis on the pathogenesis of decreased cardiovascular reserve, higher CVD risk, and mortality among cancer patients. Note: Please note that the current model is a necessary simplification as various factors are associated with one another. To maintain the comprehensibility of the model, not all associations are explicitly depicted in the model. Interrupted arrows indicate relationships added to the original model, whereas the uninterrupted arrows describe the original relations or highlight the increasingly acknowledged associations. Please note, that both bidirectional and unidirectional (causal) arrows are depicted