Fig. 2

Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Shape Modes. Principal components analysis deconstructed left ventricular end-diastolic shape across the reference population into statistically independent patterns of variation (“shape modes”) [5]. The mean +/− 3 standard deviations of the five shape modes explaining the most population variation are illustrated. A blue to red color scale on the endocardium is used to depict regional wall volume relative to the population mean. The (+) indicates higher shape mode scores and (−) indicates lower values; the directionality of these values is arbitrary. Based on the qualitative appearance of the shape modes at these extremes (and as previously described [5, 11]), higher values of each shape mode correspond to findings as follows: Mode 1 to higher overall size; Mode 2 to higher sphericity; Mode 3 to higher sphericity, lower chamber length, and altered mitral annular orientation; Mode 4 to lower basal cavity diameter and altered mitral annular orientation; and Mode 5 to higher mid-cavitary size, lower mitral annular size, and lower chamber length. A: Anterior; I: Inferior; L: Lateral; S: Septal