Table 2 Common Echocardiographic Findings of Radiation-induced Valvular Heart Disease

1

Diffuse valve thickening due to fibrosis

2

Focal or contiguous calcification of valvular apparatus with restricted motion of leaflets

3

Initial regurgitation with eventual progression to stenosis

4

Fibrosis/calcification of aortic root, aortic valve annulus, aortic valve leaflets, aortic-mitral inter-valvular fibrosa, mitral valve annulus, and the base and mid portions of the mitral valve leaflets with typical sparing of mitral valve tips and commissures

5

Aorto-mitral curtain (AMC) thickness

6

Ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction

7

Pericardial pathology, importantly constrictive pericarditis