Table 1 Changes in Healthy Subject (n = 10) cardiac volumes, oxygen consumption, and calculated arteriovenous oxygen content difference with supine exercise

LVEDV Index, mL/m²

0.09

 Rest

79 ± 11

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

80 ± 11

+ 2 (-4, + 8)

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

81 ± 12

+ 4 (0, + 8)

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

76 ± 9

-2 (-10, + 7)

 Peak

126 ± 34

76 ± 10

-1 (-10, + 8)

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

-4 ± 10

LVESV Index, mL/m²

< 0.001

 Rest

32 ± 9

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

30 ± 8

-2 (-9, + 5)

0.97

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

24 ± 6

-6 (-13, + 1)

0.10

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

21 ± 8

-12 (-19, + 3)

0.006

 Peak

126 ± 34

22 ± 8

-11 (-20, + 3)

0.01

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

-10 ± 8

SVI, mL/m²/beat

< 0.001

 Rest

47 ± 7

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

51 ± 10

+ 4 (-6, + 14)

0.78

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

57 ± 10

+ 10 (+ 2, + 19)

0.02

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

55 ± 10

+ 10 (+ 6, + 14)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

54 ± 11

+ 10 (+ 6, + 15)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

+ 7 ± 7

LVEF, %

< 0.001

 Rest

60 ± 8

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

63 ± 9

+ 3 (-6, + 13)

0.92

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

70 ± 7

+ 9 (+ 1, + 17)

0.03

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

72 ± 11

+ 14 (+ 8, + 20)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

71 ± 11

+ 14 (+ 7, + 20)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

11 ± 7

Heart rate, bpm

< 0.001

 Rest

59 ± 6

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

88 ± 9

+ 29 (+ 21, + 37)

< 0.001

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

106 ± 10

+ 47 (+ 36, + 57)

< 0.001

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

131 ± 13

+ 72 (+ 57, + 87)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

134 ± 10

+ 75 (+ 63, + 86)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

75 ± 10

Cardiac Index, L·min^− 1/m²

< 0.001

 Rest

2.92 ± 0.35

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

4.78 ± 0.75

+ 1.88 (+ 0.90, + 2.87)

0.001

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

6.25 ± 1.11

+ 3.46 (+ 2.27, + 4.66)

< 0.001

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

7.71 ± 1.03

+ 4.98 (+ 3.94, + 6.01)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

7.84 ± 0.85

+ 5.04 (+ 4.10, + 5.99)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

4.92 ± 0.774

VO₂, L·min^− 1/m²

< 0.001

 Rest

0.139 ± 0.019

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

0.434 ± 0.060

+ 0.295 (+ 0.234, + 0.356)

< 0.001

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

0.670 ± 0.144

+ 0.531 (+ 0.375, + 0.687)

< 0.001

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

0.966 ± 0.221

+ 0.827 (+ 0.582, + 1.071)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

0.988 ± 0.195

+ 0.849 (+ 0.634, + 1.064)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

0.849 ± 0.185

a-vO₂ difference, mLO₂/dL

< 0.001

 Rest

4.8 ± 0.6

 Stage 1

40 ± 12

9.4 ± 1.6

+ 4.6 (+ 2.5, + 6.6)

< 0.001

 Stage 2

80 ± 24

10.8 ± 1.8

+ 6.1 (+ 3.9, + 8.2)

< 0.001

 Stage 3

121 ± 36

12.5 ± 1.9

+ 7.8 (+ 5.6, + 10.1)

< 0.001

 Peak

126 ± 34

12.6 ± 1.9

+ 7.9 (+ 5.7, + 10.2)

< 0.001

 ∆ (Peak minus Rest)

7.8 ± 1.7