Table 2 Summary of studies included in the scoping review

Breast Cancer Telerehabilitation

Breast Cancer

Telehealth

Missing data

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Patient Education, Peer Support, Emotional Support

Meeting the Rehabilitation and

Support Needs of Patients With

Breast Cancer During COVID-19:

Opening New Frontiers in Models

of Care

Original Article

(Binkley et al. [28], USA)

FACT-B, PSFS, UEFI

3 case studies were described to summarise the process of telerehabilitation. Results indicated telerehabilitation may be helpful in meeting breast cancer patents’ needs

‘Cancer Aftercare Guide’ (‘Kanker Nazorg Wijzer’)

Any cancer type

Web-based

Missing data

Fatigue, Return to Work, Mood, Relationships, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Smoking, Residual Symptoms

The Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare Guide) protocol: the systematic development of a web-based computer tailored intervention providing psychosocial and lifestyle support for cancer survivors

Study Protocol

(Willems et al. [24], The Netherlands)

N/A

N/A

Lifestyle-related effects of the web-based Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare Guide) intervention for cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

RCT

(Kanera et al. [29], The Netherlands)

CIS, EORTC QLQ-C30, HADS,

The intervention was effective in increasing emotional and social functioning and decreasing depression and fatigue 6 months after baseline

Short-term effectiveness of a web-based tailored intervention for cancer survivors on quality of life, anxiety, depression, and fatigue: randomized controlled trial

RCT

(Willems et al. [30], The Netherlands)

DMIRSSC, DSQFC,

SQUASH,

Moderate increases in physical activity and vegetable intake were demonstrated but did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing. No effect was found on smoking behaviour

‘Cancer Thriving and Surviving’

Any cancer type

Telehealth

6 weeks

Fatigue, Sleep, Psychoeducation, Nutrition, Relationships & Communication, Physical Activity, Weight, Depression

Enhancing Cancer care of rural dwellers through telehealth and engagement (ENCORE): protocol to evaluate effectiveness of a multi-level telehealth based intervention to improve rural cancer care delivery

Study Protocol

(Pal et al. [31], USA)

N/A

N/A

‘CaRE-4-alloBMT’

Haematological Cancer

Telehealth

6 months

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Psychosocial Distress, Self‐Management Skills

Cancer Rehab Program for Allogenic Bone and Marrow Transplant Patients—CaRE-4-alloBMT

Study Protocol

(Jones et al., [32], Canada)

N/A

N/A

‘Emerging from the Haze’

Any cancer type (focus on CRCI)

Telehealth

6 weeks

Psychoeducation, Stress Management, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Sleep, Cognitive Strategies (e.g., Memory, Attention)

Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: Retrospective analyses of a multidimensional, psychoeducation-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention

Retrospective Analysis

(Asher et al. [33], USA)

FACT-Cog, SF-36

Results demonstrated a significant improvement for self-reported cognitive function and HRQOL which was sustained over 12 months

Emerging From the Haze: A Multicenter, Controlled Pilot Study of a Multidimensional, Psychoeducation-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation Intervention for Breast Cancer Survivors Delivered With Telehealth Conferencing

Pilot Study

(Myers et al. [34], USA)

FACTCog, MDASI, PROMIS-29, UCLA-LS,

The intervention was associated with participants’ improved perceived cognitive function up to 12-months post-intervention

‘Fitter after Cancer’ and ‘Less Tired from Cancer’

(‘Fitter na Kanker’ and ‘Minder Moe Bij Kanker’)

Any cancer type (focus on CRF)

Telehealthand Web/ Mobile-based

9 weeks

Physical Activity, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Effectiveness, Mediators, and Effect Predictors of Internet Interventions for Chronic Cancer-Related Fatigue: The Design and an Analysis Plan of a 3-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial

Study Protocol

(Wolvers et al. [23], The Netherlands)

N/A

N/A

‘Health Navigation’

Any cancer type (focus on CRF)

Web-based

12 weeks

Physical Activity, Sleep, Pain Control,

Energy Conservation, Nutrition, Distress

Management

Web-Based Tailored Education Program for Disease-Free

Cancer Survivors With Cancer-Related Fatigue:

A Randomized Controlled Trial

RCT

(Yun et al. [35], Korea)

BFI, FSS, HADS, EORTC QLQ-C30

The intervention group demonstrated improvement in fatigue, anxiety, global quality of life and several other aspects of functioning

‘INSPIRE’ and ‘INSPIRE + Problem-Solving Treatment (PST)’

Survivors of Haemato-poietic Stem Cell Trans-plantation

Web-based and Web-based with Telehealth

6 months

‘Boosting Health’ (cardiovascular, bone, second cancer advice), ‘Restoring Energy’ (fatigue, muscle weakness),

‘Lifting Mood’ (depression, distress, social isolation) with or without PST

An online randomized controlled trial, with or without problem-solving treatment, for long-term cancer survivors after hematopoietic

cell transplantation

RCT

(Syrjala et al. [36], USA)

CTXD, SCL-90-R, SF-36, FSI

For aggregated outcomes, no effects were observed for either intervention. For individual outcomes, INSPIRE + PST was associated with improved distress, INSPIRE alone was marginally associated with improved distress

‘Lymphoma InterVEntion (LIVE)’

Lymphoma

Web-based

16 weeks

Psychoeducation, Patient Information (Adverse Physical/

Psychological Problems, Work, Sexuality, Lifestyle)

Lymphoma InterVEntion (LIVE) – patient reported outcome feedback and a web based self-management intervention for patients with lymphoma: study protocol for

a randomised controlled trial

Study Protocol

(Arts et al. [25], The Netherlands)

N/A

N/A

Web-Based Return of Individual Patient-Reported Outcome

Results Among Patients With Lymphoma: Randomized Controlled

Trial

RCT

(Oerlemans et al. [37], The Netherlands)

BFI*, EORTC QLQ-C30, HADS, heiQ, MAC, ISQ,

Use of the intervention was low (3%), and an effect

could not be determined

‘Living with Prostate Cancer’

Prostate Cancer

Web-based and Tele-health

6 months

Physical Activity, Patient Information, Self-Management, Peer Support

Living with prostate cancer: randomised controlled trial of a multimodal supportive care

intervention for men with prostate cancer

Study Protocol

(Chambers et al. [38], Australia)

N/A

N/A

‘Oncokompas’

Head/Neck, Colorectal, Breast, Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Web-based

6 months

Physical Activity, Psychological & Social Functioning,

Lifestyle, Existential Issues, Topics

In Tumour-Specific Modules

Efficacy, cost-utility and reach of an eHealth self-management application 'Oncokompas' that helps cancer survivors to obtain optimal supportive care: study protocol for

a randomised controlled trial

Study Protocol

(van der Hout et al. [26], The Netherlands)

N/A

N/A

Role of eHealth application Oncokompas in supporting self-management of symptoms and health-related quality of life in cancer survivors: a randomised, controlled trial

RCT

(van der Hout et al. [39], The Netherlands)

PAM, EORTC QLQ-C30 (SumSC)

After 6 months, Oncokompas was not found to be associated with improvements in levels of patient activation but did increase HRQOL

The eHealth self-management application ‘Oncokompas’ that supports cancer survivors to improve health-related quality of life and reduce symptoms: which groups benefit most?

Original Article

(van der Hout et al. [40], The Netherlands)

EORTC QLQ-C30, FCCHL, GSE, MAC, PAM, PSM,

For symptom reduction, the intervention was most effective for head/neck & colorectal cancer survivors with a higher burden of tumour-specific symptoms. For HRQOL, it was for participants with lower self-efficacy/higher personal control/higher health literacy

Reasons for not reaching or using web-based self-management applications, and the use and evaluation of Oncokompas among cancer survivors, in the context of a randomised controlled trial

Original Article

(van der Hout et al. [41], The Netherlands)

Usage and reasons for using/not using/not participat-ing in the RCT were explored

No symptom burden, no supportive care needs, lack of time were cited as reasons by non-users. Users referenced cancer-generic and tumour-specific materials indicating the value of including a wide range of topics

Cost-utility of an eHealth application ‘Oncokompas’ that supports cancer survivors in self-management: results of a randomised controlled trial

Original Article

(van der Hout et al. [42], The Netherlands)

iMCQ, iPCQ,

EQ-5D

The intervention was deemed to be cost-effective; equally effective on utilities, and not more expensive, than care-as-usual

‘Pack Health’

Any cancer type (focus on Pain and CRF)

Telehealth

8 weeks

Patient Information, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Fatigue, Finance Management, Caregiver Guide

Feasibility of a Telehealth Educational Program on Self-Management of Pain and Fatigue in Adult Cancer Patients

Feasibility Study

(Rocque et al. [21], USA)

Feasibility, PAM, MDASI, NCCN (DT), SF-12

Due to the low engagement level (34%), the programme did not meet feasibility criteria

‘PC Essentials’

Prostate Cancer

Telehealth

4 weeks + booster session after 3 months

Physical Activity, Patient Information, Psychoeducation

Prostate Cancer Survivorship Essentials for Men with Prostate Cancer on Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)

Study Protocol

(Green [43], Australia)

N/A

N/A

‘PERC’

Prostate Cancer (couples-only)

Web-based

15 weeks

Relationships & Communication, Symptom Managment (e.g., urinary/ bowel, sexual/hormonal problems, pain,

fatigue, sleep disturbance, stress)

Improving Healthy Behaviours

Enhancing survivorship care planning for patients with localized prostate cancer using a couple-focused web-based, mHealth program: the results of a pilot feasibility study

Feasibility Study

(Song et al., [44], USA)

Feasibility (recruit-ment & retention), FACT-G, EPIC-26, RDGS-21, CSS-9, PROMIS, CCI-B

Intervention group patients reported greater programme satisfaction and better urinary symptom scores than control group patients. Most other primary outcome comparisons were nonsignificant. The intervention was reported as being feasible

‘PROGRESS’

Prostate Cancer

Web-based

Missing data

Treatment Type, Physical Side Effects (urinary and sexual dysfunction), Emotional & Interpersonal Concerns (fear of recurrence),

Practical Concerns (follow-up care, financial needs), Healthy Lifestyle (nutrition, physical activities)

Development and preliminary testing of PROGRESS: a Web-based education program for prostate cancer survivors transitioning from active treatment

Original Article

(Miller et al. [45], USA)

Qualitative Interviews & Usability Testing

Participants expressed interest in content on treatment side effects, body image, emotional/communication difficulties, daily living activities and health skills

‘REBOOT’

Survivors of Bone Marrow Transplants

Telehealth

9 weeks

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Behaviour Change Techniques to support Self-Management

Rehabilitation after bone marrow transplant- what is the impact on patient outcomes? The REBOOT trial

Study Protocol

(Denehy et al. [46], Australia)

N/A

N/A

‘ReCHARGE’

Haematological Cancer (focus on CRF)

Web-based

12 weeks

Patient Information, Sleep, Energy Management, Physical Activity, Mind–Body Interventions (CBT and MBT)

ReCHARGE—Online self-management of cancer-related fatigue: a multimodal approach

Study Protocol

Avery et al. [47], Australia)

N/A

N/A

‘RESTORE’

Any cancer type (focus on CRF)

Web-based

6 weeks

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Self-Management, Sleep, Home and Work Life, Thoughts and Feelings, Communication

RESTORE: an exploratory trial of an online intervention to enhance self-efficacy to manage problems associated with cancer-related fatigue following primary cancer treatment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Study Protocol

(Grimmett et al. [27], UK)

N/A

N/A

Managing fatigue after cancer treatment: development of RESTORE, a web-based resource to support self-management

Original Article

(Foster et al. [48], United Kingdom)

N/A (describing the resource develop-ment)

N/A

A web-based intervention (RESTORE) to support self-management of cancer-related fatigue following primary cancer treatment: a multi-centre proof of concept randomised controlled trial

RCT

(Foster et al. [49], UK)

BFI, CS-SES, FACT-G, PHQ-9, PSEFSM, PWI

The intervention was deemed feasible and acceptable

Although there was higher fatigue self-efficacy demonstrated in the intervention versus control group, this difference decreased by 12 weeks

‘RISE’

Any cancer type ( focus on CRF)

Telehealth

Missing data

Energy Conservation, Physical Activity, Cognitive Behavioural

Therapy, Sleep, Mindfulness, Nutrition

Cancer-Related Fatigue Protocol Using a Personalized Self-Management Program

Study Protocol

(Goodfellow et al. [50], USA)

N/A

N/A

‘SafeFit’

Any cancer type

Telehealth& Web-based

6 months

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Psychological Support, Behaviour Change Techniques

SafeFit Trial: virtual clinics to deliver a multimodal intervention to improve

psychological and physical well-being

in people with cancer. Protocol of a

COVID-19 targeted non-randomised

phase III trial

Study Protocol

(Grimmett et al. [51], UK)

N/A

N/A

‘SmartManage’

Sexual Minority Men with HIV and Cancer

Web-based

10 weeks

Relaxation, Physical Activity, Social Support, Patient Information, Psychoeducation, CBT

An Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Stress and Self-management Intervention for Sexual Minority Men Living With HIV and Cancer Using the SmartManage eHealth Platform: Protocol and Study Design

Study Protocol

(Puccinelli et al. [52], USA)

N/A

N/A

‘Simultaneous stage-matched exercise and diet (SSED) intervention’

Breast Cancer

Telehealth

12 weeks

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Telephone Counselling

Randomized Pilot Test of a Simultaneous Stage-Matched Exercise and Diet Intervention

for Breast Cancer Survivors

Randomised Pilot Study

(Kim [53], Korea)

Feasibility, BFI, EORTC QLQ-C30 (Korean Version), DQI, HADS, IPAQ, Stage of Motiva-tional Readiness

The intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable. Preliminary results indicated that the intervention group had significantly greater improvements in motivational readiness (e.g., physical activity and nutrition), emotional functioning, fatigue and depression

‘STAMP’

Any cancer type (focus on pain)

mHealth

Missing data

Medication, Constipation Management, Pain Psychology Principles, Health

Behaviours and Pain, Skills Training

Leveraging mobile health technology and research methodology to optimize patient education and self-management support for advanced cancer pain

Original Article

(Azizoddin et al. [22], USA)

N/A

(describing the resource develop-ment)

N/A

‘Surviving and Thriving with Cancer’

Any cancer type

Web-based

6 weeks

Self-Management, Psychoeducation, Sleep, Fatigue, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Patient Information, Medication, Treatment Side Effects

Surviving and Thriving With Cancer Using a Web-Based Health Behavior Change Intervention: Randomized Controlled Trial

Original Article

(O'Carroll Bantum et al. [54], USA)

BFI, BFFQ, GEQ, PHQ-8, WHIIRS

6 months post-intervention,

the intervention group had significantly greater reductions in insomnia and increases in

physical activity. However, there were no other significant differences observed

‘TEMPO’

Prostate Cancer (couples-only)

Web-based

10 weeks

Self-Management, Communication, Lifestyle/

Behavioural Change,

Psychoeducation, Symptom Management

A study protocol for a multicenter

randomized pilot trial of a dyadic, tailored, web-based, psychosocial, and physical activity self-management program (TEMPO)

for men with prostate cancer and their caregivers

Study Protocol

(Lambert et al. [55], Canada)

N/A

N/A

Patient Information Leaflet

Abdominal Cancer (Colorectal/

Ovarian)

Paper-based

1–2 weeks prior to surgery

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Relaxation, Smoking Cessation, Alcohol Cessation

Prehabilitation in cancer care: patients’ ability to prepare for

major abdominal surgery

Original Article

(Beck et al. [20], Denmark)

Qualitative interviews and adherence records

The authors concluded from the combined adherence and interview data that the leaflet functioned as a tool to motivate and support patients’ prehabilitation-related actions

WEST

Breast Cancer

Web-based

24 weeks

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Telephone Counselling

Effects of a web-based expert support self-management program (WEST) for women with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial

RCT

(Kim & Kim [56], Korea)

HS-SES,

Physical measures (e.g., height, weight)

At 24 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated greater decreases in body fat/percentage and waist circumference but no differences were found for perceived self-efficacy

WSEDI

Breast Cancer

Web-based

12 weeks

Physical Activity, Nutrition, Self-Management Skills

A Web-based self-management exercise and diet intervention for breast cancer survivors: Pilot randomized controlled trial

Pilot RCT

(Lee et al. [57], Korea)

BFI, DQI, EORTC-QLQ-C30, Stage of Motiva-tional Readiness, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Exercise/

Diet

The intervention group was associated with higher levels of exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, HRQOL, fatigue, motivational readiness and aspects of self-efficacy